Parenting in young mothers: a scoping review

Being a young mother has long-term consequences even during the life of the mother and child in foster care, this hurts both mother and child. The purpose of this review is to look at how childcare in young mothers uses the methodology recommended by Arksey and O'Malley. 11 relevant articles discussed and found key concepts grouped into three main themes namely parenting behavior, parenting stress, and parenting need. Adolescent mothers with higher social support have more knowledge in parenting, parenting attitudes, and self-efficacy in positive parenting, can overcome the temperament of the child, as well as reduce the stress of parenting.


INTRODUCTION
Women who marry under 18 years continue to increase every year. Over 700 million girls in the world are currently married before their eighteenth birthday and around 250 million children marry before they reach the age of 15. By 2030, child marriage is projected to increase by 15.1 million per year (UNFPA, 2019). Technological developments, low education, rural areas, and weak economic conditions are important factors contributing to the high rate of early marriage (Yaya et al., 2019;Rumble, 2018)freedom of access to technology in adolescents makes them more likely to get out of parental control (Akoï et al., 2017). Teenagers use that freedom in a system of social norms that support the occurrence of early marriage (Kenny et al., 2019). Besides the family factor, in this case, in the context of incorrect parenting and internal factors such as divorce affecting the child (Akoï et al., 2017;Lara & Abdo, 2016).
The increasing acts of juvenile delinquency today one of the causes is poor parenting and busy parents at work. Poor or inappropriate parenting also causes the child to become a person who has low self-control and aggressive attitudes (Unnever et al., 2006). Adolescent pregnancy in Indonesia is greater in women who are married, low education, low media exposure, living in rural areas, being in the bottom quartile of wealth, having had sexual intercourse for the first time, and marriage under 17 years (Rohmi, 2019).
Changes in the role of parents at a young age have consequences over a long period even during the life cycle of both parents and children in foster care. Children of adolescent parents are at risk of physical and psychosocial health problems, including failure to develop due to incorrect parenting (Aulia, 2019). Young mothers receive a lot of stigmas that arise from the social environment, as well as the weak economy (Ellis-Sloan & Tamplin, 2019). In this case, the father does not get a significant negative impact compared to the mother, because the mother is directly involved in child care (Johansen et al., 2019).
The role of parents is very large for the psychological development of their children in the process of maturity. Not infrequently the consequences are detrimental to the physical and mental development of his son (Roberts et al., 2018). Man learns, grows, and develops from the experiences he gained through family life. During the period of human development, various things around it affect the stages of its development. One of the things individual development is the pattern of foster care applied in the family. Family is an important environment in the process of a child's life. Children's lives covering emotional, intellectual, social, and spiritual aspects began to be introduced and determined in the family environment (Berger, 2019).
Another impact that arises from changing the role of adolescents who become parents too early is the risk of having children who will also become parents in adolescence, especially girls, when the teen is pregnant and become a parent they tend to have difficulty in implementing pregnancy care and good parenting patterns for their child. This is due to the lack of narrative transmission from the previous mother's pregnancy experience to her child who is also a parent in adolescence (Margherita et al., 2017). Girls who become mothers as teenagers differ from other women of different dimensions, many of whom affect educational attainment (Grijns et al., 2018) Teen mothers who have higher quality social relationships and get more support from their parents to demonstrate skinned parenting skills (Martin & Brooks-Gunn, 2015).
Teenage pregnancy and parenting in adolescence have long been a negative connotation in many communities around the world (Ellis-Sloan & Tamplin, 2019).Adolescent parents are often unprepared for the economy, lack social support, immature emotional, and psychologically unprepared parents. children of adolescent parents are vulnerable to several weaknesses including health, development, psychological, social, and emotional (Skott, 2016). Parents are the main companion in every development and the most important role model for children. Therefore, the role of parents in the parenting process is very important, especially a mother because it provides the basis for the formation of behavior, character, morals and education of children. It is this background that prompted the author to conduct a scoping review on child care for young mothers. out in this review consist of identification of review questions, identification of relevant literature, selection of literature, mapping of data, compiling, concluding, and reporting the results.

Identify research questions
How's parenting in young mothers? In developing focus reviews and search strategies, researchers use population, exposure, and outcome (PEO) formats in managing and solving focus reviews. Develop appropriate search terms to describe problems and determine inclusion and exclusion criteria. Focus article search.

Identify relevant studies
a. Inclusion and exclusion criteria

Parenting Behaviour
Negative parenting in young mothers is associated with relational conflict between mother and partner, family, social, unpreparedness to be a mother, and economic pressures. This negative parenting is for example rejecting the presence of children, low child and parental relationships, and supportive parental responses to children . Research shows young mothers have a higher risk of violence in parenting compared to adult women. Parents' motives for corporal punishment to discipline and influence parenting stress and stress .
Relationships and family factors have stronger relationships for men compared to women. This is influenced by differences in parenting cultural norms between men and women. Socially, women are expected to be caregivers for children and therefore, are less influenced by other factors. Another interesting gender difference is that the competence of parenting in young mothers is largely influenced by father involvement during their childhood. Those with emotional closeness to fathers have greater parenting competence .
Families have a great influence on parenting competencies in adolescent mothers. Pregnant teens will continue to live with their families during pregnancy even until delivery. Teenage mothers who from the beginning of pregnancy have high family support allow them to have parenting competencies, see the family as a role model for how parenting should be, the bond between a teenage mother and a close child indicates that they feel welcome and loved. The family values provided by adolescent parents contribute positively to greater parenting, parental communication with adolescent mothers during the transition to parenthood. Positive parenting by young mothers is also reportedly related to their mother's involvement in childcare.
In contrast, support for adolescent mothers oriented towards a stronger Latin culture found higher father involvement influenced parenting competencies in adolescent mothers. This support affects better parenting, but only in granting high autonomy to decisions in childcare. The process of child growth and development is largely influenced by parental flexibility, which includes social values and beliefs developed by local culture (Zeiders et al., 2015). Young mother who experiencing psychological stress, relationship imbalances, and conflicts arising in the parenting, get parents of teens to take part, causes young mothers to be rarely involved in child care. Young mothers with good relationships with parents and emotional support demonstrate better parenting skills (Grau et al., 2015).
Positive parenting in adolescent mothers has no difference with childcare at optimal age mothers. Positive parenting interactions increase when mothers have a high level of social support and a good history of health while women are of optimal age, increased positive parenting occurs when they have a good education, and get high social support and decrease if the social support obtained is less. The findings of this study contradict previous research in which adolescent mothers experienced more violence in children than mothers who had optimal or older ages who generally had more positive parenting and good parenting interactions. This is supported by opinions that say that the competence of parenting in teenage mothers is very poor (Kim et al., 2018).

Parenting Stress
Teenagers who become parents are prone to mental distress. Relationship challenges that are often encountered in young women are about the strain of the relationship between teenage mothers and their partners, family factors, friends, and others who enter the mother's home life which is considered as a disorder that ultimately leads to the end of the relationship of mother and partner, women experience greater pressure from social disorders than men because of those who often interact with family and friends. Besides, unbalanced parenting between mother and partner leads to a break-up of their relationship . Conflicts in relationships can cause parents to neglect responsibilities while stress levels in teenage mothers also increase due to low economic status .
Self-efficacy becomes an immeasurable factor that connects several social factors in adolescent mothers with adolescent inability to become a mother, unpreparedness to accept new roles, worries about economic ability, childcare, life pressures, including poverty, putting women at risk of having low confidence. Common problems are poor infant feeding, mother-baby bonding disorders, anxiety, depression, and decreased motivation. Maternal parenting competencies are associated with women's ability to provide a healthy parenting environment (Hackett et al., 2015). In addition, economic limitations affect the stress of childcare. Teenage mothers who have harmonious marital relationships tend to have good economic resilience and rarely have parenting conflicts. Adolescent mothers who have good parenting patterns, tend to have prepared themselves in advance by learning to learn and find information about parenting patterns from many sources (Sanglee et al., 2019).
High partner support lowers depression and stress in childcare. Especially in the case of adolescents who come under pressure from parents, maternal culture influences how the perception of partner support is related to maternal adjustment. In particular, couples' support is closely related to lower parenting stress, it is found in adolescent mothers of relatively high Latin cultural orientation. In Latina culture, teenage mothers generally have a partner and are tied up in marital relationships, live with husbands, and have close relationships with the father of their children. The findings suggest that the role of culture in the formation of relationships is very good for childcare due to good mother-child relationships .
Another factor that affects parenting stress is the early marriage factor. Although the number of early marriages has begun to decline, in some countries such as Bangladesh early marriage is still common among the community, especially in rural areas. Although the rule for the minimum age in marriage is 18 years of age. Postmarriage, women tend not to have autonomy over important decisions related to their home life. In-laws and husbands often have a dominant influence on decision making. Early marriage is an ongoing hereditary practice and heavily influenced by family roles (Hackett et al., 2015).

Parenting Need
An important factor in childcare is communication between couples, women are An important factor in child care is communication between couples, teenage mothers learn how to build communication both to avoid conflicts between spouses and families. Men also want to learn how to establish good communication, learn to know how to communicate their feelings, and establish emotional relationships with their partners. Good communication creates a strong relationship and emotional closeness between couples and is important in establishing harmonious relationships. Ongoing open communication allows the teen's mother to open up and establish an emotional closeness with her partner. Couples who have difficulty in communicating effectively will contribute to damaging the relationship. As a result of exposure to difficult family conditions, teenage mothers want to learn how the condition does not progress and influence the decisions they take with a partner, a unique experience that some teenagers from inharmonious families experience encouraging them to learn. Maintaining relationships and parenting responsibilities requires specialized relational knowledge and skills that teen mothers rarely have (Albritton et al., 2015).
A strong support structure during pregnancy is essential for the parenting competence of adolescent mothers in the early postpartum period. The support is social support from the family. Greater parenting, Higher levels of social support during pregnancy. This support is positively related to self-efficacy parenting and satisfaction in women and men. Social support during pregnancy has been shown to improve postpartum parenting in adult parents, as well as in adolescent and young adult mothers. Pregnant teens who feel more supported during pregnancy have more positive feelings about their parenting potential, which increases their feelings in parenting. Recent evidence suggests that among first-time mothers, social support from friends, family, and professionals provides informed support about baby care practices and emotional well-being that are both positively linked to first-time mothers' trust in their abilities as caregivers. Adolescents can also see social support as a potential resource when caring for children so that it supports them to increase their knowledge in childcare .
A strong support structure during pregnancy is essential for the parenting competence of adolescent mothers in the early postpartum period. The support is social support from the family. High family support during pregnancy has a positive impact on better parenting competencies. The manifestation of a good quality of support is a parent's confidence in his ability in parenting as well as relationship satisfaction. Family support during pregnancy not only positively affects young mothers but also improves the care of both adult parents and young adults. Recent research has shown that parenting competencies are not only influenced by family support but are influenced also by social support from friends, health workers in providing baby care information support information and managing emotionally significantly increasing maternal confidence in parenting  Social support affects the upbringing of positive interactions by improving the psychological functioning of parents. Adolescent mothers who get high social support show a positive relationship with their children and show better parent-child communication skills (Kim et al., 2018). Social support gives mothers information about child development and proper child-rearing practices. This information improves the competence of positive motherhood and improves childcare skills. Social support also indirectly affects the stress of parenting through parenting knowledge, parenting attitudes, self-efficacy, and child temperament (Sanglee et al., 2019). The results of this review may not be sufficient to describe the actual conditions in the care of young mothers due to the diversity of research sites and cultural orientations adopted in several countries.

CONCLUSION
Teenage mothers are the group most vulnerable to parenting stress due to various social stresses, parenting abilities, and mental readiness. This report found 3 main themes related to parenting in young mothers, namely parenting behavior, parenting stress, and parenting need. Young mothers who have higher social support have more knowledge in parenting, positive parenting attitudes, and self-efficacy in higher parenting, can overcome the child's temperament, as well as reduce parenting stress. In this scoping report review, researchers examined 11 papers related to parenting in young mothers with quantitative and qualitative research designs. the articles taken have a balanced number in the category of developed and developing Countries namely 6 from developing countries and 5 from developed countries. The results of this review may not be enough to illustrate the true condition of young motherhood due to the diversity of research locations of articles and cultural orientations embraced in some countries. Research on the care of young mothers needs to be done in developing countries, especially Indonesia, which has a diversity of cultures and social structures.