Peer support for the primiparous mother with postpartum depression: a scoping review

Postpartum depression is a global problem throughout the world. Research studies have found that based on this background, the researchers would know peer support for primiparous mothers with postpartum depression. This scooping review method used the framework from Arksey and O'Malley focusing on the PICO framework. Result: it showed that peer support for primiparous mothers with postpartum depression was very limited. Conclusion: This support is expected to be able to realize the biological and psychological well-being of mothers in the face of postpartum depression and to adapt their changing roles and minimize the occurrence of postpartum depression.


INTRODUCTION
According to the World Health Organization, the postpartum period begins after delivery and lasts 6-8 weeks. The postpartum period is very important in this phase of the life of both mother and newborn. Most of maternal and neonatal deaths occurred in the first month after birth, nearly half of postnatal maternal deaths occurred within the first 24 hours and 66% occurred during the first week. In 2013, 2.8-2.9 million newborns died in their first month of life and one million babies were born on the first day (World Health Organization, 2013).
For the time being made globally in maternal health, each year an estimated 289,000 die worldwide due to complications related to pregnancy, childbirth, or the postpartum period, up to 2/3 of maternal deaths occur after delivery, maternal and newborn deaths occur globally. Ninety-nine percent of deaths occurred in low-and middle-income countries (Idaiani et al., 2012).
Postpartum depression is a global problem throughout the world. Postpartum depression affects tens or even hundreds of thousands per year in all countries. Research studies have found that postpartum depression rates in Asian countries can reach 65% or more among primiparous mothers. Depression is a serious mental illness that is not only a cause for concern, but there is an impact on the fetus or child (Brummelt et al., 2016). Unfortunately, it is believed that postpartum depression is much more than is expressed in these statistics. Some medical experts believe it could even be twice what is actually reported and diagnosed, if symptoms are not reported and the symptoms are not treated, the symptoms cannot be counted in global health statistics (Haran et al., 2014).
While in Indonesia phsycological problems in depression postpartum mothers have not received special attention. The postpartum depression incidence rate in Indonesia was recorded at 22.4%. The incidence of postpartum depression in Asia is quite high and varied, but in Indonesia, one of them and several studies in Indonesia, one of which was in 2017 at the KIA Sadewa Hospital Yogyakarta, the incidence of postpartum depression was 7.7% this indicates the need to get attention considering that there are still many incidents that occur (Sari et al., 2020).
Depression is a public health problem that is twice as common in women as in men. Postpartum depression is defined in this report as non-psychotic episodes, this depression according to standard-based diagnostic criteria at one year per birth. These research studies consistently show that there are several causes that can be a strong predictor of postpartum depression, which are prolonged depression or anxiety during pregnancy, stressful life, poor social support and history of prior depression (Lorenzo et al., 2014).
Non-psychotic depression is the most common complication of childbirth affecting 10%-15% of women, and represents a sizeable public health problem affecting women and their families (Downs et al, 2008). Untreated postpartum depression can have lasting effects which is disadvantageous. For the mother, depression can be chronic recurring, and ongoing depression can contribute to emotional, behavioral, cognitive and interpersonal problems. There are three types of affective postpartum diseases, postpartum blues, labor depression, and postpartum psychosis (Muraca et al., 2014).
Peer support is an approach to give and receive assistance based on key principles such as respect, mutual responsibility and mutual agreement for benefits. This peer support can understand the mother's situation such as empathy and sympathy for the mother in her emotional and psychological feelings (Dennis et al., 2009). This peer support involves mothers and peer volunteers. These peer volunteers who have a previous history of postpartum depression. This peer support is provided and cannot be separated from mental health care in certain cases (Mahlke et al., 2014).